Templates for Integrating Research into Your Writing

Writing about your research is like conducting a conversation among your own ideas and those of others. In our video tutorial on research writing and our handout on integrating sources into your writing, we explain the purpose and value of using signal phrases and commentary. Here, we provide templates and suggested vocabulary for different ways you might frame and unpack others’ ideas in your writing. For more on this subject, including many more templates, see They Say/I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein.

Signal Phrases

Let’s start with signal phrases: ways to frame others’ ideas and information that you’re quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing in your essay. 

Commentary

Here are some ways to provide your own commentary: following any quoted, paraphrased, or summarized ideas/information with your own explanation, analysis, and/or relating it to your own ideas. 

Introducing Opposition

At some points in an essay, it may be appropriate to acknowledge another perspective. This is especially powerful if you can then argue against that opposition. Here is some suggested language for both.  

Transition Vocabulary

Finally, here’s some more vocabulary commonly used to transition between ideas. This may help you develop your own style of signal phrases and commentary as you develop your research writing voice.